Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Published: 2011 January 13Modified: 2021 March 02, 22:01:40More details

At the March 1996 شورى shura the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established. Its central government,

ملا عمر Mullah Umar had the final say on all matters and increasingly centralized control. He originally acted in consultation with a number of shuras, though their importance diminished over time as that of the Arabs in القاعرة al-Qa'ida increased. The كابل Kabul shura, effectively a cabinet of ministers, was the Taliban's main interlocutor with the mainstream international community, which established its agencies in كابل Kabul. ملا عمر Mullah Umar also consulted a shura of علماء ulama and a military شورى shura. Rubin, p xv

The provincial government and the unprecedented penetration into the most local societal structures,

The IEA appointed provincial governors and administrators of districts, cities, towns, and precincts from the center, following the administrative divisions of former Afghan governments. As in most such governments, the administrators were invariably natives of areas other than the ones they governed and were regularly shuffled between areas. The طالبان Taliban established a nationwide judiciary with شريعة sharia courts at all levels, culminating in the Supreme Court of Sharia in Kabul. The Taliban also established a new security service, the Ministry of Enforcement of Virtue and Suppression of Vice ... named after a similar organization in Saudi Arabia. This ministry has been responsible for the enforcement of all decrees regarding moral behavior, including the decrees restricting women's employment and dress, enforcing men's beard length and mosque attendance, regulating activities of U.N. agencies and nongovernmental organizations, commanding destruction of "graven images," and requiring the labeling of religious minorities. Through the networks of local الملالي mullahs, the طالبان Taliban also penetrated into the village structure, perhaps more than previous Afghan governments, enabling the IEA to carry out such policies as the eradication of opium growing in 2000-2001. Rubin, p xv

ملا عمر Mullah Omar, طالبان Taliban Government and Taking كابل Kabul

Event	Time	Description
Prior to establishing a state structure, the Taliban had a sudden rise as an Islamic movement.
Taliban Govt	1996 03 20 - 1996 04 04	طالبان شورى Taliban Shura meets on March 20 in كندهار Kandahar with about 1,000 invited علماء ulema and tribal elders to discuss policy. With the end of the طالبان شورى Taliban shura on April 04 was a call for Jihad against Rabbani, and ملا عمر Mullah Omar was made أمير المؤمنين Amir-ul-Momineen. The Taliban movement was thus transformed into a state structure, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan IEA in whose name the Taliban captured كابل Kabul in September 1996.
	1996 04 19	Senior US diplomats meet Afghan leaders in كابل Kabul and كندهار Kandahar.
	1996 05 23	UN envoy Mestiri resigns for health reasons.
	1996 06 26	گلبدين حكمتيار Gulbuddin Hikmetyar joins Rabbani and becomes Prime Minister. Taliban rocket كابل fifty two dead.
	1996 07 11	German diplomat Norbert Holl appointed as UN envoy to افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1996 09 04	Afghan women in كابل Kabul protest Taliban excesses.
	1996 09 10	Taliban capture two districts in Nangarhar. Haji Qadeer flees to Pakistan, heavy fighting near Jalalabad.
	1996 09 11	Taliban capture چلال آباد Jalalabad.
	1996 09 25	Taliban capture Sarobi and Assadabad.
	1996 09 26	From Sarobi, Taliban move to كابل Kabul in one night. Fightin outside city. كابل falls to طالبان.
	1996 09 27	Taliban hang Najibullah. مسعود Masud retreats northwards. Mullah Omar declares amnesty and six-man council to run كابل Kabul headed by Mullah Mohammed Rabbani. Iran, Russia, India and Central Asian states condemn طالبان takeover. Pakistan sends delegation to كابل.
	1996 10 01	Taliban tells مسعود Masud in the Panjshir to surrender or die. مسعود Masud blows up roads into Panjshir as طالبان advance north. طالبان reach Salang tunnel, stand-off with Dostum troops.
	1996 10 04	CIS summit in Almaty warns Taliban to keep away from Central Asia.
	1996 10 08	Heavy fighting as Taliban try to take Panjshir. Pakistan starts shuttle diplomacy.
	1996 10 10	Dostum, مسعود Masud and Khalili meet at Khin Jan and form Supreme Council for the Defence of the Motherland. مسعود Masud attacks Bagram with 50 men and counter-attacks on the Salang highway.
	1996 10 12	مسعود Masud takes Jabul Seraj.
	1996 10 13	مسعود Masud recaptures Charikar. Fighting just ten miles from كابل Kabul, hundreds of casualties.
	1996 10 18	Bagram falls to مسعود Masud as Taliban flee. Dostum armour arrives to help مسعود Masud.
	1996 10 24	Mullah Omar says, "We will fight to the death and give our last drop of blood for طابل." مسعود Masud demands demilitarization of طابل .طالبان captures Baghdis province in heavy fighting with Dostum forces.
	1996 10 31	Ismael Khan troops flown from Iran to Maimana to resist طالبان in west.
	1997 01 01	طالبان retake Bagram and Charikar, major set-back for مسعود Masud.
	1997 01 23	طالبان retake Gulbahar at mouth of Salang.
	1997 02 02	Hazaras reinforce defenses of Bamiyan as طالبان advance via Ghorband valley. طالبان delegation visits USA.
	1997 03 12	Assassination attempt on Mullah Abdul Razaq, Governor of Herat.
	1997 05 19	General Malik Pahlawan rebels against Dostum, takes Faryab and says he has joined طالبان.
	1997 05 20	Baghdis, Faryab, Sar-e-Pul provinces fall to Malik, heavy fighting. Malik hands over 700 prisoners and Ismael Khan to طالبان.
	1997 05 24	طالبان sweep into مازارِ شريف Mazar-i-Sharif, impose Shari and close girls schools.
	1997 05 26	Pakistan recognizes طالبان government. Talks in نازارِ شريف between طالبان and Malik break down. Fighting starts.
	1997 05 28	طالبان driven out of مازار after 18-hour battle and 300 Taliban dead. Thousands captured. مسعود Masud counter-attacks in south.
	1997 06 02	طالبان close ايران embassy in كابل. Thousands of Pakistani students join طالبان. Opposition forms new alliance in نازار.
	1997 06 12	Some 3,000 طابان disarmed in Baghlan. مسعود Masud retakes Jabel Seraj. Rabbani meets Malik in مازار. Opposition forms United Islamic and National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan.
	1997 07 19	مسعود Masud takes Bagram and Charikar. طالبان flee leaving heavy weapons.
	1997 07 21	Malik in ايران for talks.
	1997 07 28	UN appoints Lakhdar Brahimi to prepare report on اقغانستان. Heavy fighting continues around كابل.
	1997 08 07	ICRC says 6,800 people have been wounded in fighting over last three months. CARE suspends women's programs in كابل.
	1997 08 12	Opposition meeting in مازار leads to Rabbani reappointed as President.
	1997 08 15	Lakhdar Brahami arrives in Islamabad for extensive trip to region.
	1997 08 19	Brahimi visits كذدهان .طالبان warn foreign press to report fairly or be thrown out.
	1997 09 04	Mullah Rabbani meets King Fahd in Jeddah and says Saudis will help طالبان in health and education. طالبان accuse ايران, Russia and France of helping مسعود Masud.
	1997 09 08	طالبان recapture مازار Mazar airport after renewed attack from طالبان force from Kunduz. Uzbeks divided between Malik and Dostum.
	1997 09 09	Malik leaves مازار Mazar as home burnt down by Hizb-e-Wahadat, extensive looting in city as UN agencies leave. طالبان pushed back from airport.
	1997 09 12	Dostum arrives back in مازار Mazar from Türkiye. طالبان kill 70 Hazara villagers in Qazil Abad. After three days of looting order in مازار Mazar, peace restored as طالبان pushed back and Dostum rallies troops.
	1997 09 18	Heaving fighting again near مازار Mazar. طالبان say King Fahd will give full financial and political backing to them.
	1997 09 23	طالبان bomb باميان Bamiyan heavily. Fighting ten miles form مازار,
	1997 09 30	Three UN workers expelled from كندهار Kandahar by طالبان.
	1997 10 01	Brahimi completes mision after visiting 13 countries. Heavy fighting continues around مازار.
	1997 10 08	Dostum pushes طالبان back to Kunduz. كابل Kabul rejects transit trade agreement with Pakistan.
	1997 10 21	Dostum seizes شبرغان as Malik flees to ايران.
	1997 11 16	Dostum uncovers 2,000 dead bodies of طالبان in 30 mass graves near شبرغان, offers to return bodies to طالبان. Prisoner exchanges take place.
	1997 11 18	US Secretary Madeleine Albright in Pakistan calls طالبان human rights 'despicable'
	1997 11 26	UN Secretary General Koli Annan issues tough UN report on outside interference in افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1997 12 17	UN Security Council condemns foreign arms supplies to Afghan factions, calls for cease-fire.
	1998 01 06	President Rabbani visits ايران Iran, Pakistan and Tajikistan to gather support for regional conference on افغانستان Afghanistan under UN. طالبان Taliban accused of massacring 60 Uzbek civillians in Faryah province. Siege of باميان Bamiyan by طالبان worsens as food supplies run out.
	1998 01 07	Kofi Annan appeals to طالبان to allow safe delivery of food to باميان Bamiyan.
	1998 01 13	طالبان plane crashes near كوته Quetta, 80 soldiers killed. Shootout near كندهار Kandahar between طالبان Taliban and villagers resisting recruitment drive.
	1998 01 27	250 prisoners freed on both sides for Eid.
	1998 02 04	Earthquake in northeast افغانستان Afghanistan. Four thousand dead and 15,000 homeless. Relief agencies hampered by snow.
	1998 02 20	Second earthquake hits.
	1998 03 08	International Women's Day celebrated for Afghan women worldwide.
	1998 03 14	Heavy fighting in مازار Mazar between Uzbeks and Hazaras.
	1998 03 22	Brahimi returns for mediation between طالبان and opposition.
	1998 04 01	طالبان name team to negotiate with opposition for Ulema Commission.
	1998 04 17	US Envoy Bill Richardson visits كابل Kabul and مازار Mazar.
	1998 04 26	Ulema Commission meets in Islamabad under UN auspices.
	1998 05 04	Ulema Commission talks collapse.
	1998 05 17	طالبان jets bomb Taloquan, 31 people killed, 100 injured. Heavy fighting around كابل and in north.
	1998 05 30	Major earthquake hits northeast Afghanistan again, 5,000 dead.
	1998 06 18	Saudi intelligence chief Prince Turki in كندهار.
	1998 06 30	طالبان demand that NGOs have to move to destroyed polytechnic building. NGOs refuse to move.
	1998 07 03	Five-nation Central Asian summit in Алматы Almaty calls for end to Afghan war.
	1998 07 09	UN plane rocketed at كابل Kabul airport. ملا عمر Mullah Omar issues edicts on scrapping TV, all Christians to be deported and former communists to be punished. Former communist Afghan Defense Minister murdered in Quetta.
	1998 07 12	طالبان capture Maimana, take 800 Uzbek prisoners and capture 100 tanks.
	1998 07 18	EU suspends all humanitarian aid to كابل because of unacceptable restrictions.
	1998 07 20	NGOs pull out of كابل Kabul. EU closes its office.
	1998 07 21	Two Afghan workers kidnapped and killed in Jalalabad.
	1998 07 31	طالبان leaders visit madrassa of Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak in Pakistan where they appeal for manpower. Five thousand Pakistanis leave to fight in افغانستان.
	1998 08 01	طالبان take شبرغان. Dostum flees with troops to Hairatan on Uzbekistan border.
بن لادن Bin Laden, Massacres and ايران Iran
	1998 08 07	Bomb blasts at US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Osama bin Laden held responsible.
	1998 08 08	طالبان capture مازار, kill 11 Iranian diplomats and a journalist. طالبان massacre thousands of Hazaras as thousands more flee مازار.
	1998 08 10	Taloquan falls to طالبان.
	1998 08 11	Russia warns Pakistan not to help طالبان. Central Asian states on high state of alert.
	1998 08 12	Pul-e-Khumri and Hairatan fall to طالبان.
	1998 08 18	Ayatollah Ali Khomeinei accuses US and Pakistan of using طالبان to plot against ايران Iran. ايران-طالبان tensions escalate. ملا عمر Mullah Omar says طالبان will protect بن لاذن Bin Laden.
	1998 08 20	US launches 75 cruise missiles against Jalalabad and Khost camps run by بن لاذن Bin Laden. Twenty-one dead, 30 wounded in attack.
	1998 08 21	طالبان Taliban condemn US attack and vow to protect بن لاذن Bin Laden. UN military officer killed in كابل Kabul. All foreigners evacuate افغانستان Afghanistan and also Peshawar and Quetta.
	1998 08 26	New York Grand Jury hands over a sealed indictment against بن لاذن Bin Laden accusing him of terrorism.
	1998 09 01	ايران Iran begins war-games on Afghan border with 70,000 troops.
	1998 09 06	Danger of war grows as ايران Iran says it has right under international law to protect its citizens. USA advises restraint. طالبان Taliban again appeal to UN for recognition.
	1998 09 10	طالبان Taliban say they have found the bodies of nine Iranian diplomats in مازار.
	1998 09 13	باميان Bamiyan falls to طالبان Taliban after fighting. ملا عمر Mullah Omar asks troops to restrain themselves.
	1998 09 20	Heavy rocketing of كابل Kabul by مسعود Masud, 66 killed and 215 wounded.
	1998 09 22	Saudi Arabia expels طالبان Taliban envoy and expresses anger at طالبان refuses to hand over بن لاذن following Prince Turki's visit to كندهار Kandahar.
	1998 09 27	طالبان have 30,000 troops on ايران Iran border to resist Iranian exercises.
	1998 10 02	ايران Iran gunships and planes violate Herat airspace. Iranian army exercises begin with 200,000 troops.
	1998 10 14	Lakhdar Brahimi holds talks with ملا عمر Mullah Omar in كندهار Kandahar in the first meeting of ملا عمر Mullah Omar with a foreign diplomat. طالبان Taliban agree to free all ايراني Irani prisoners.
	1998 10 21	Feminist Majority Foundation in USA representing 129 women's organizations calls for increased economic and social pressure on Talibanطالبان. Mavis Leno, wife of Jay Leno, gives US $100,000 for campaign against the طالبان Taliban gender policy.
	1998 10 23	مسعود Masud undertakes successful offensive in northeast and enters Kunduz province. طالبان arrest 60 of General Tanai's supporters in coup attempt in Jalalabad.
	1998 10 25	طالبان ban use of landmines. مسعود Masud takes Imam Saheb on Tajikistan border.
	1998 11 07	UN says طالبان responsible for killing 4,000 people earlier in مازار Mazar. ملا عمر Mullah Omar again rejects broad-based government.
	1998 11 13	Mohammed Akbari, leader of faction of Hizb-e-Wahadat surrenders to طالبان in باميان Bamiyan.
	1998 11 23	UNESCO chief Frederico Mayor urges world to stop human rights abuses by طالبان.
	1998 12 01	طالبان shoots students outside Jalalabad University, four dead, six injured.
	1998 12 09	UN General Assembly passes tough Resolution on افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1998 12 29	UNICEF says education in افغانستان Afghanistan has collapsed.
	1999 01 10	طالبان reject new Peace and National Unity Party formed in Peshawar and say only military solution acceptable. مسعود Masud offensive continues in north.
	1999 01 12	Family of leading former Mujaheddin commander Abdul Haq gunned down in Peshawar.
	1999 01 19	طالبان cut off limbs of six highway robbers in كابل and hang limbs on trees in the city.
	1999 01 21	UN Security Council again calls for cease-fire after briefing by Lakhdar Brahimi.
	1999 01 31	First Chinese delegation arrives in كابل to meet the طالبان.
	1999 02 02	ايراني officials meet طالبان in دبي. US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott meets with طالبان in Islamabad. He hands over letter to طالبان demanding they extradite بن لادن.
	1999 02 09	طالبان Taliban reject US letter and say بن لادن Bin Laden will not be forced out but they will impose restrictions on him.
	1999 02 11	Earthquake in Maiden Sahr in Logar kills 50 people and injures 200.
	1999 02 13	بن لادن Bin laden goes underground. Taliban say they do not know his whereabouts. مسعود Masud visits Tehran for talks.
	1999 02 15	Ten-year anniversary of Soviet withdrawal from افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1999 02 21	UN mediator Lakhdar Brahimi arrives in Islamabad after meeting King Fahd in Riyadh.
	1999 02 28	Anti-Taliban alliance say they wil form a leadership council and a 150-man parliament.
	1999 03 03	Turkmenistan's Foreign Minister Sheikhmuradov meets with ملا غمر Mullah Omar for the first time in كندهار Kandahar.
	1999 03 04	Hilary Clinton criticized Taliban gender policy.
	1999 03 11	Talks between the Taliban and the opposition begin in Aşgabat under UN mediation.
	1999 03 14	Talks end on hopeful note with both sides agreeing to release some prisoners; structure of government to be decided in later talks.
	1999 03 24	Lakhdar Brahimi meets with ملا عمر Mullah Omar in كندهار Kandahar.
	1999 03 30	Next round of Aşgabat talks stalled as both sides criticize one another.
	1999 04 07	Russian Defence Minister Igor Sergeyev meets with مسعود Masud in Dushanbe as Russia announced it will build new military base in Tajikistan.
	1999 04 10	ملا عمر Mullah Omar rules out further talks with opposition. Heavy fighting in and around Bamiyan.
	1999 04 15	President Clinton criticizes Taliban abuse of human rights. Taliban condemn Clinton.
	1999 04 21	Bamiyan falls to Hizb-e-Wahadat as Taliban withdraw, dozens killed and dozens more captured.
	1999 04 28	Taliban bomb Bamiyan in bid to retake it; thirty civilians killed.
	1999 04 29	Taliban, Pakistan, Turkmenistan sign agreement to revive gas pipeline through طالبانستان Afghanistan and pledge to find new sponsor for project. Hilary Clinton criticizes gender policy of Taliban in Washington.
	1999 05 05	Iran and Uzbekistan issue joint statement in Tashkent to resist any Taliban takeover of افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1999 05 09	Bamiyan retaken by Taliban after they launch attacks from north and south.
	1999 05 12	Taliban delegation sign agreements with Turkmenistan to buy gas and electricity.
	1999 05 14	USA issues first warnings to Pakistan not to support the Taliban and says it favors the return of ex-King Zahir Shah.
	1999 05 20	Heavy fighting erupts. مسعود Masud fires 12 rockets into كابل Kabul, Bagram bombed by Taliban and fighting in the north.
	1999 05 22	Taliban crush abortive uprising in هرات Herat, execute eight people in public and kill another 100. Taliban accuse Iran of distributing arms.
	1999 05 28	Amnesty International accuse Taliban of killing civilians during their capture of Bamiyan. ملا عمر Mullah Omar holds meeting of several thousand Taliban commanders and mullahs in كندهار Kandahar for three days to discuss the movement's future.
	1999 06 02	Uzbekistan's Foreign Minister Aziz Kamilov meets with ملا عمر Mullah Omar for first time in كندهار Kandahar. Taliban insist they will only attend next 'Six plus Two' conference in Tashkent if recognized as government of افغانستان Afghanistan.
	1999 06 08	US FBI places بن لادن Bin Laden on top of ten most wanted fugitives. Fears of US attack on بن لادن Bin Laden increase.
	1999 06 26	Ex-King Zahir Shah holds consultative meeting in Rome, but Taliban reject any peace-making role for him. USA closes seven embassies in Africa for three days because of بن لادن Bin Laden threats.
	1999 07 06	US imposes trade and economic sanctions against Taliban and freeze their assets in the USA> Taliban prepare for massive summer offensive against مسعود Masud as thousands of Pakistani and hundreds of Arab recruits join Taliban.
	1999 07 15	Former Senator Abdul Ahad Karzai, a leading Afghan nationalist, murdered in كوټه Quetta after meeting with Zahir Shah. The US State Department and the UN condemn the murder.
	1999 07 16	The Foreign Ministers of Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet in Tashkent and pledge cooperation in combating Islamic extremism in Central Asia.
	1999 07 19	The 'Six plus Two' talks begin in Tashkent. President Islam Karimov calls for cease-fire and UN session on Afghanistan.
	1999 07 20	Tashkent talks without firm conclusions.
	1999 07 23	مسعود Masud in Tashkent and meets with President Karimov.
	1999 07 27	UN planes stop flying to كابل Kabul as rockest fired by مسعود Masud hit airport. Taliban offensive imminent.
	1999 07 28	Taliban offensive begins on three fronts as they advance towards Bagram. 130 killed on both sides in first day of fighting.
	1999 08 01	Bagram falls to Taliban, but heavy fighting as مسعود Masud tries to recapture it.
	1999 08 02	Taliban capture چاریكار Charikar as مسعود Masud retreats to Panjshir. 200,000 people flee the Shomali valley creating new refugee crisis.
	1999 08 03	طالبلن Taliban advance in north from Kunduz and take Imam Sahid and Sher Khan Bandar, cutting Masud's supply links to Tajikistan. 3000 casualties in fighting so far.
	1999 08 05	مسعود Masud counter-attacks and retakes چاريكار Charikar and pushes Taliban back to former positions near كابل Kabul. 400 Taliban killed and 500 captured.
	1999 08 08	مسعود Masud recaptures lost ground in the north.
	1999 08 10	Washington freezes assets of Taliban airline Ariana in the USA because of its links to بن لادن Bin Laden.
	1999 08 13	Taliban retake Bagram.
	1999 08 15	UN appeals to Taliban not to create more refugees and halt fighting as Taliban pursue scorched-earth policy in Shomali valley. Thousands arrested in كابل Kabul.